Uhlaziyo olulandelelanayo “lomyalelo wothintelo lweplastiki” luya kutshintsha ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezilahlwayo, kwaye ishishini leplastiki elonakeleyo liya lisanda.Izinga lokukhula kwamashishini emveliso yeplastiki eyonakalisayo liyabonakala.Sithatha iHainan njengomzekelo, ukusukela ngoJulayi kulo nyaka, ama-46 onke amashishini okuvelisa iimveliso zeplastiki ezinokubola abhalisiwe.Kodwa kwisihlwele, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukubona imarike, izithintelo zeplastiki "ekugqibeleni yintoni?Yintoni kanye kanye iplastiki eyonakalayo?Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, intatheli yadlan’ indlebeiingcali ezifanelekileyo..
01
Elinye lawona magama ashushu kwishishini leplastiki lelithi “degradable”.Yintoni eyonakeleyo?Ngaba zonke iiplastiki ezonakaliswayo zonakaliswe ukuba zivakale ngokwendalo?
Iingcaphephe:Iiplastiki ezonakaliswayo ezikhankanywe kwiiNkcazo malunga nokomeleza ngakumbi ukuLawulwa koNgcoliseko lwePlastiki (emva koku kubhekiselwa kulo njengeeNgcaciso) okanye iSaziso seNkqubela ekuLawulweni koNgcoliseko lwePlastiki (emva koku kubhekiselwa kuyo njengeSaziso) sithetha ukuba izinto ezinjalo zinokuba ngokupheleleyo. ukuthotywa kunye nesandi sokusingqongileyo xa belahliwe kwaye bangena kwinkqubo yokulahla inkunkuma phantsi kweemeko ezihambelanayo zokusingqongileyo.Iiplastiki ezonakaliswayo kumaxwebhu zibhekiselele ekuthotyweni okubangelwa sisenzo se-microbial kwindalo, njengomhlaba, umhlaba wesanti, imo engqongileyo yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, okusingqongileyo kwamanzi olwandle, iimeko ezithile ezinjengomgquba okanye ukugaywa kwe-anaerobic, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuthotywa ngokupheleleyo kwi-carbon dioxide (CO2) okanye / kunye neMineralized inorganic salts yemethane (CH4), amanzi (H2O) kunye nezinto zayo, kunye neeplastiki zebiomass ezintsha ezifana nezidumbu zemicrobial.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuthotywa kwento nganye ye-biodegradable material, kubandakanywa nephepha, kufuna iimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo.Ukuba iimeko zokuthotywa azifumaneki, ngakumbi iimeko zokuhlala ze-microorganisms, ukuthotywa kuya kucotha kakhulu.Kwangaxeshanye, ayizizo zonke izinto ezinokubola ezinokuthi zithobeke ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko zokusingqongileyo.Ngoko ke, ukunyangwa kwezinto ezinokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kufuneka kusekelwe kwiimeko zabo zokusingqongileyo, zidibaniswe nesakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo ngokwazo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba yinto enokuchithwa kwezinto eziphilayo okanye cha.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
- Abantu abaninzi bacinga ngemathiriyeli enokubola, kunye nemathiriyeli yokwenyani enokubola, zizinto ezimbini.Abantu bacinga ukuba iiplastiki ezonakeleyo zinokuthatha indawo yayo yonke imisebenzi yeeplastiki zemveli ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi.Emva kokusetyenziswa, kubonakala ngathi kukho iswitshi enokuyithoba loo nto ngephanyazo.Oku kuthotywa kuphelile ngaphambi kokuba kwenzakalise.
- Isisombululo sangoku seplastiki esonakalisiweyo, sivele sidibanise iikhonsepthi ezininzi, ezinokubakho kuphela kwimeko efanelekileyo, ubomi bokwenyani abukho.
Indlela yokugweba ukuba ingaba i-biodegradable imathiriyeli, amazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-China bakhuphe uluhlu lweendlela zokuvavanya.Ngenxa yokuba ukuthotywa kuhambelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo, izinto ezichithwayo kufuneka zichonge ngokucacileyo indawo apho zinokuthi zithotywe ngokupheleleyo kwimveliso, kwaye zicacise ulwazi lwemigangatho yokuvelisa, izinto eziphathekayo, izithako kunye nokunye.Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokonakala akuthethi ukuba abathengi bakhululekile ukulahla iimveliso ezinjalo.Ezo mveliso kufuneka zihlelwe kwaye zisetyenziswe ngendlela efanayo, njengeemveliso zeplastiki zemveli, kwaye ziphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe ngokweendlela ezifanelekileyo zokulahla (kuquka ukurisayiklishwa ngokwasemzimbeni, ukurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokurisayikilisha kwebhayoloji okufana nokwenza umgquba).Njengomphumo wokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezilahlwayo, ukurisayikilishwa kunye nenkqubo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, akunakuphepheka ukuba indawo encinci yenkqubo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma evaliweyo iya kuvuza ngokungalindelekanga kwindawo engqongileyo, kusetyenziswa izinto ezonakalise ngokupheleleyo, ukuya kuthi ga kumlinganiselo othile nazo zingasetyenziswa njengoko umlinganiselo wothintelo.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
- "Inxalenye encinci": I-China i-1.200 yezigidi zeetoni zokusetyenziswa kweplastiki ngo-2019,13-300 yezigidi zeetoni zemveliso yeplastiki eyonakalisayo ngo-2019, indlela yokufumanisa ukuba ezo plastiki ziyinxalenye encinci yecandelo, indlela yokusombulula le nxalenye encinci ye ingxaki?Kunzima.Kuphantse ukuba akunakwenzeka ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo.Ukunyangwa kongcoliseko lweplastiki kukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezibonelelo, oko kukuthi, ingcamango yoqoqosho oluvaliweyo loqoqosho lwesetyhula.Le "inxalenye enkulu" yeeplastiki, kwaye isisombululo "kwinxalenye encinci" yeeplastiki akufanele ichaphazele ngempazamo isisombululo "kwinxalenye enkulu" yongcoliseko lweplastiki, oko kukuthi, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe oomatshini, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe imichiza, ukudibanisa kunye nokutshisa i-Burn. (sebenzisa amandla).Ingxaki ngongcoliseko lweplastiki asikokuba iiplastiki azinakonakala, koko kukuba iiplastiki aziphinde zisetyenziswe.
- Okokuqala, kufuneka sahlule phakathi kweeplastiki ezonakeleyo kunye nezixhobo ezonakalayo.Izinto eziguquguqukayo kufuneka zikwahlule phakathi kwezinto zendalo kunye nezinto zokwenziwa.Izinto zendalo ziveliswa ngokwendalo, indalo inamandla okutya (njenge-PHA), kunye ne-microbes kwindalo inokuzisebenzisa njengemithombo yokutya, ukubola kunye nokugaya, okuyizinto ngokwenene "zebhayoloji" ezichithwayo.Nangona kunjalo, iiplastiki zokwenziwa ezonakaliswayo (umz. PBAT\PCL\PLA\PBS), ezizezepolyester aliphatic, kufuneka zibe nomlinganiselo othile wokubola kweekhemikhali (esterification) ukusa kumkhamo othile phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe zii microorganisms kwaye ziqhubeke ukubola zibe iimolekyuli ezincinci, ukubola kwazo kwangethuba, iiplastiki zokuqhekeka kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kokusingqongileyo -- microplastics.Ukongeza, iiplastiki ezonakeleyo zixutywe kwiiplastiki zemveli, ukubuyiswa kweeplastiki zemveli, ubunzima bokusekwa kwenkqubo yokuhlaziya ezimeleyo, izinto ezihlaziyiweyo ngenxa yokuncipha okukhulu kokuxutywa kwezinto ezinokonakala, izinto ezinokonakala azikwazi ukuqokelelwa ngokuzimeleyo, zixutywe. ngeeplastiki zemveli inkqubo yokurisayikilisha, yintlekele enkulu.
- Isizathu songcoliseko olukhulu lweeplastiki zemveli kukuba inkqubo, abantu, iindleko, iiplastiki ezonakeleyo kula macala mathathu, akukho sisombululo kwingxaki yongcoliseko, ayinakulindela iiplastiki ezonakeleyo ukusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki.
- Ungcoliseko lweplastiki yesintu ayiyongxaki yeplastiki ngokwayo, kodwa yingxaki yokusetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga ngabantu, okuyingxaki yolawulo.Ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lweplastiki endaweni yolunye alunako ukusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki.
- Akukho zityalo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwiiplastiki ezinokonakala e-China, iziteshi ezizimeleyo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kufuneka zisekwe, akukho mntu uthengela inkunkuma yeeplastiki ezinokonakala, iindawo ezingenakuqokelela iiplastiki zemveli, kunye neeplastiki ezonakalisayo azinakuqokelelwa.Azinakuqokelelwa, iiplastiki ezonakeleyo zinokungcolisa okusingqongileyo ngokungaqinisekanga kuneeplastiki zesintu.
03
Ngaba iiplastiki ezingonakaliswa ngebhayoloji zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe?Urisayikilishwa njani kwaye uphinde usetyenziswe njani?Ngaba iiplastikhi ze-biodegradable ziya kuchaphazela ukubuyiswa kweeplastiki eziqhelekileyo?
Iingcaphephe:Ngoku uluntu lunokuba neengcamango ezininzi eziphosakeleyo malunga neeplastiki ezonakeleyo.Okokuqala, abanye abathengi baya kuphosakela iiplastiki eziguquguqukayo zokonakala ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okanye emoyeni, okungekho.Ngenxa yokuba iiplastiki zebhayoloji kufuneka ziboleke phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo ezifana neqondo lobushushu, ukufuma kunye ne-microorganism, aziyi kubola ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okanye ukulondolozwa kwemihla ngemihla.Okwesibini, abanye abathengi bakholelwa ukuba ukuchithwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kwaye akunjalo.Iiplastiki ze-Biodegradable zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo.Ukongeza, ukuthotywa kufuneka kwakhona Kufuneka kube neemeko ezithile zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo.Okwangoku, iiplastiki ezininzi eziguquguqukayo ziya kuthotywa emhlabeni, emanzini olwandle, umgquba kunye nezinye iindawo ezingqongileyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zobushushu kunye nokufuma.Ke ngoko, kucetyiswa ukuba iiplastikhi zebhayoloji ezinokonakala, njengeeplastiki zemveli, zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwakhona emva kokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kwaye ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kwebhayoloji okanye kweekhemikhali kuyacetyiswa kwezo akulula ukuzirisayikilishe okanye kunzima ukurisayikilishwa.Iplastiki yeBiodegradable eneneni luhlobo olukhethekileyo lweeplastiki, ukurisayikilishwa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kuyafana neeplastiki zesintu, zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngokwasemzimbeni, oko kukuthi, ukunyibilika kwakhona kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona.Kungenxa yokuba i-biodegradable, ingaphezulu Iplastiki inokuphinda isetyenziswe ngeendlela ezininzi (ezifana nokulahlwa komgquba), kwizicelo zefilimu yeplastiki ayinakuphinda isetyenziswe.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
- Ngoku uluntu lunokuba neengcamango ezininzi eziphosakeleyo malunga neeplastiki ezonakeleyo.Izicelo zeplastiki zokuqala ezibolayo ngoku zisetyenziswa kumazwe ngamazwe ukusonga inkunkuma kumasimi omgquba ngenxa yokuba ihlangabezana neemfuno ezintathu: a, iqokelelwa nenkunkuma yokutya endaweni yokuvuza kokusingqongileyo.b, iyanceda ukusebenzisa kwakhona intsalela yokutya, inesiphumo esihle.c, ibala kuphela inxalenye encinci kakhulu ye-compost ekrwada, ayiyi kuba nefuthe lomgangatho kwiimveliso ze-compost.
- Indawo yokwenza umgquba yindawo yokurisayikilisha ukuze kusetyenziswe ubutyebi.kukuveliswa komgquba, hayi indawo yokulahla inkunkuma yeplastiki, ngoko ke ukuvundisa ayisosisombululo sokujongana nenkunkuma yeplastiki.
Ukongeza, ubume bekhemikhali yeeplastiki ezibolayo ngokuyintloko yi-ester bond, ekulula ukuthoba ialkali okanye iasidi okanye utywala, ngoko inokubuyiselwa ngokwekhemikhali xa ithelekiswa neeplastiki zesintu.Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokubuyisela i-monomer yokubuyisela izinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona.Kukho ngaphezu kwe-160 iindidi zeeplastiki zesintu.Iiplastiki ze-biodegradable, njengenye yazo, zincinci.Emva kokungena kwi-recycling system, nokuba akukho ukubuyiswa kwe-biological composting, ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali, akuyi kuchaphazela ukubuyiswa kweeplastiki zendabuko.Ukuntsokotha kweenkqubo zeplastiki zemveli akusayi kwenza mahluko mkhulu ngenxa yeentlobo ezininzi zeeplastiki ezonakeleyo.Iinkqubo zokuhlaziya iibhotile zomntu ngamnye, ezifana neebhotile ze-PET Kukho izinto ezininzi ze-PLA kwinkqubo yokurisayikilisha kwaye kunokwenzeka ukwandisa ubunzima, kodwa inkqubo yokuphinda isetyenziswe ibhotile ye-PET nayo iya kuzisa ubunzima ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweebhotile zepolyester ezintsha ezingenakonakala njengeplastiki yemveli. I-PBT, iPEN.Kwinkqubo yangoku yokuhlela, indlela yokuhlela ye-infrared ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula ukubuyiswa.Ke le ngxaki yimbono ezimeleyo yokuba abanye abantu abaluthatheli ngqalelo uphuculo lobuchwephesha lwenkqubo yokuqala yokurisayikilisha.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
1.Ukuxubana okunokonakala ngokuqinisekileyo kuyintlekele kwimarike yokuhlaziya.Ukuba iplastiki ehlaziywayo ixutywe kuyo nayiphi na iplastiki yendabuko, ubunzima bokuhlelwa buya kwandiswa kakhulu kwaye umgangatho wokuhlaziya uya kuncitshiswa kakhulu.Ugxininiso oluphindaphindiweyo.(Ekuqaleni ukuhlelwa kweplastiki kuyingxaki enzima, ngoku chaza ukuba unzima kakhulu, ndongeza ubunzima obuncinci akukho nto, kuba sele unzima. Le nkcazo, isitayela esincinci saseMelika, kuba unokuchaphazela ukhuseleko, ngoko uchaphazela ukhuseleko, Ngoko ke thintela.Olu qikelelo yintatheli yezemali u-Baidu waphuma, iingcali ezifanelekileyo njengeengcali zenqanaba lezenzululwazi, aziyi kuthetha amagama anjalo. Ndingu-We Baidu okwethutyana, kukho umxholo onjalo ngokwenene).
I-2.PET ingxaki yokuhlela ibhotile, eneneni, iiplastiki ezinokonakala azivelisi ukupakishwa kweebhotile.
3.Ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali, kunqabile, kungabi yi-0.1%.Kwithiyori, ayichaphazeli ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali, kodwa ichaphazela kakhulu ukubuyiswa komzimba.
4. I-Biological recycling, ithiyori nje, enyanisweni i-0.01% inzima kakhulu.Akukho ziko lokurisayikilisha, akukho matshini wokurisayikilisha.
04
Zeziphi iindima zeeplastikhi ezingonakali kuluhlu lwenkunkuma kunye nokurisayikilisha?Ukuze kwenziwe intsingiselo yokonakaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwiiplastiki ezingonakaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni zibonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo, yintoni enokwenziwa yinkqubo yokuhlela kunye nokulahla inkunkuma?
Iingcaphephe:Ukusuka kwimbono yoyilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, iiplastiki ze-biodegradable zisetyenziselwa kwimeko yokulahlwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nokuxuba kunye nenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo, okanye kwimeko yokubuyisela ubunzima emva kokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zefilimu zeplastiki.Umsebenzi wayo wokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo unokubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo.Kwangaxeshanye, kwanokuba amazwe ahambele phambili njengeYurophu neUnited States aye akumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu ekwahlulahlulweni nasekulahlweni kwenkunkuma, ezinye iipakethe zeplastiki ziya kusoloko zikhutshelwa ngokungaqondanga okanye ngabom kwimekobume yendalo.Ukuba le nxalenye yemveliso inokutshintshwa ngeplastiki enokubola, inokunciphisa umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kwendalo.Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ze-biodegradable nazo zingathathwa njengothintelo Umlinganiselo wokuthintela ukungcolisa indalo emva kokuba inkunkuma yeplastiki ikhutshwe ngempazamo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yenkunkuma evaliweyo.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
Ukuthotywa kufuna okusingqongileyo, indlela yokuvumela iiplastikhi ze-biodegradable zikhutshwe kwimo engqongileyo zibe yinkqubo enemeko yokonakala, kufuneka kuxoxwe ngayo.
Ukongeza, ngokuphuculwa kokuhlelwa kwenkunkuma kunye nenkqubo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma e-China, ukulungiswa kwefomula yeplastiki ye-biodegradable yeplastiki yenkunkuma inokusombulula ukuxinzezeleka kococeko lobuqu olubangelwa yimfuneko yokuqhawula isikhwama ngokusebenzayo.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
Iiplastiki ezichithwayo zifanelekile kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwendawo, musa ukwandisa ngokungaboniyo, njengemveliso entsha, umqhubi we-pilot usaqhubeka, ukuveliswa kobuninzi, ingozi inokuthatha iminyaka eyi-2-3 ukuqhuma ekusebenzeni.
Ezinye iingxelo zikhankanya ukuba iiplastikhi ze-biodegradable zivelisa iingozi zesibini ezifana ne-dioxins xa zitshiswa xa zithelekiswa neeplastiki zendabuko.Kodwa eneneni, iiplastikhi ze-biodegradable zezinye zeeplastiki zendabuko, kwaye akukho chlorine kwisakhiwo sepolymer.IDioxin ayiveliswa xa itshisiwe.Nkqu iiplastiki zemveli, njengeengxowa zokuthenga eziqhelekileyo, ikakhulu izinto polyethylene.Itsheyini yayo yeemolekyuli nayo ayinayo iklorin, nokuba itshisiwe ayiyi kuvelisa idioxin.Ukongeza, i-polyester yesakhiwo seplastiki enokubola inquma ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni we-organic kwikhonkco eliphambili ungaphantsi kuneeplastiki zendabuko ezifana ne-polyethylene, kwaye kulula ukutshisa ngokupheleleyo xa utshiswa.Ukongeza, kukho inkxalabo yokuba i-biodegradation yePlastiki ikhupha iigesi eziyingozi ngakumbi kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, kodwa iindawo ezininzi zanamhlanje zokulahla ngoku zisebenzisa izixhobo eziqokelela i-biogas yokubuyisela amandla ngexesha lokulahla.Nokuba akukho ukuchacha, kukho amanyathelo okukhutshwa kwe-biogas ye-organic ehambelanayo.Akukho siseko sokucinga ukuba iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma ziya kuba yingozi ngakumbi, njengoko umxholo oqinileyo weplastiki kwiindawo zokulahla ungaphantsi kweepesenti ezisi-7 kwaye iiplastiki ezinokubola ngokuphindaphindiweyo zingaphantsi kwe-1 ekhulwini zeeplastiki zesintu.
Iingcinga zoMhleli:
Ngaphantsi kwe-1 ngoku, akuthethi ukuba kwimvelaphi yotyalo-mali olunjalo, umlinganiselo wayo awuyi kunyuka, kunye nombono osisigxina wokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kweeplastiki ezichithwayo, oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.(Ngokungafaniyo neengcali ngokwazo, ngakumbi njengeentatheli)
- Indawo yokulahla inkunkuma yindlela yokulahla inkunkuma.Oko kuthunyelwa kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma ubukhulu becala kukuphepha ukungcoliseka kwazo kwendalo endaweni yokuqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwakhona, ngoko ke akubalulekanga ukuba oko kuthunyelwa kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma kunokonakala.Enyanisweni, ukuba isixa esikhulu semathiriyeli eyonakaliswa yi-biodegradable ithunyelwa kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma yegesi ye-methane, iya kubangela ungcoliseko olungakumbi.Ngenxa yonyango lokulahla inkunkuma eyonakalayo, ukukhutshwa kwendalo kukhulu kakhulu kuneeplastiki zemveli.
- Kwisicwangciso-qhinga sehlabathi sokusombulula ungcoliseko lweplastiki, iYurophu, iUnited States, iJapan ayisebenzisi iiplastiki ezinokonakala njengeqhinga lokusombulula ungcoliseko lweplastiki, iiplastiki ezonakeleyo zibizwa ngokuba ziiplastiki ezivundisiweyo, mhlawumbi ngegama elichanekileyo, uluntu lunokuqonda ngcono izinto .
Ekugqibeleni:Injongo yeli phepha kukubeka phambili imibuzo efuna ukubekwa phambili koosomashishini kwicandelo lokurisayikilishwa kunye nokuhlaziya.Njengomzalwana okhokelayo kwinkalo yeeplastiki ezithotywayo, iingcali ezichaphazelekayo zingqongqo kakhulu, ziphendula ngokunyanisekileyo iinkxalabo zazo zonke iinkalo zoluntu, kwaye zibeke phambili iingxaki ezisebenzayo kwintsimi yeeplastiki ezichithwayo.Uninzi lwamalungu abo anokuthi aphikisane nezi mbono ngenxa yokuba iingcali zithetha inyaniso.Ukucinga koMhleli, kungekhona kwimbono yengcali akuvumelani, bafuna nje ukuqala ukusuka kwimbono yekhonkrithi, kukhokelela ekucingeni nzulu, kumajelo eendaba. akakwazi ukuchaza imbono, kwinethiwekhi yobuchwephesha kwimidiya, sisebenzisa indlela yokucinga, Ithemba lokubangela ingxoxo phakathi kweengcali kunye nabaphengululi.Ukwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso kwizizukulwana ezithathu zokuqala zeeplastiki ezinokonakala akuphumelelanga, kushiya umbono ombi kwishishini, ngethemba lokuba isizukulwana sesine singaphumelela.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-19-2020