Kwa nthawi yayitali, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zapulasitiki zotayidwa zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'miyoyo ya anthu okhalamo.M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakupangidwa kwamitundu yatsopano monga malonda a e-commerce, kutumiza mwachangu, komanso kutenga nawo mbali, kugwiritsa ntchito mabokosi apulasitiki ndi mapulasitiki apulasitiki kwakwera kwambiri, zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zatsopano komanso zachilengedwe.Kutayira mwachisawawa zinyalala za pulasitiki kungayambitse "kuipitsa koyera", ndipo pali zoopsa za chilengedwe pakusamalidwa bwino kwa zinyalala zapulasitiki.Ndiye, mumadziwa bwanji za zoyambira zonyansa zapulasitiki?
01 pulasitiki ndi chiyani?Pulasitiki ndi mtundu wazinthu zopanga mamolekyu apamwamba kwambiri, omwe ndi mawu omwe amatanthawuza zodzaza, zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki, zamitundu ndi zina zopangira ma thermoplastic, ndipo ndi m'gulu la ma polima apamwamba kwambiri.
02 Gulu la mapulasitiki Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a pulasitiki akamaumba, amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri yamapulasitiki:thermoplastic ndi thermosetting.Thermoplastic ndi mtundu wamtundu wamamolekyu amzere, omwe amafewa akatenthedwa ndipo amatha kubwereza zinthuzo nthawi zambiri.Pulasitiki ya thermosetting imakhala ndi ma cell a network, omwe amakhala mapindikidwe osatha atatha kukonzedwa ndi kutentha ndipo sangathe kusinthidwa mobwerezabwereza ndikukopera.
03 Kodi mapulasitiki odziwika m'moyo ndi ati?
Zinthu zamapulasitiki wamba m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku zimaphatikizapo: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ndi polyester (PET).Ntchito zawo ndi:
Mapulasitiki a polyethylene (PE, kuphatikizapo HDPE ndi LDPE) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo zopangira;Pulasitiki ya polypropylene (PP) nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zonyamula ndi mabokosi obweza, etc.;Pulasitiki ya polystyrene (PS) imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma cushions a thovu ndi mabokosi a chakudya chamasana, ndi zina zotero;Polyvinyl kolorayidi pulasitiki (PVC) nthawi zambiri ntchito ngati zidole, zitsulo, etc.;Pulasitiki ya polyester (PET) nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabotolo akumwa, ndi zina.
Pulasitiki ili paliponse
04 Kodi pulasitiki yonseyi inapita kuti?pulasitiki itatayidwa, pali malo anayi oti muwotche, kutayirapo, kukonzanso, komanso chilengedwe.Lipoti lofufuza lomwe linafalitsidwa mu Science Advances ndi Roland Geyer ndi Jenna R. Jambeck mu 2017 linanena kuti pofika chaka cha 2015, anthu adatulutsa matani 8.3 biliyoni a pulasitiki m'zaka 70 zapitazi, ndipo matani 6.3 biliyoni adatayidwa.Pafupifupi 9% aiwo amasinthidwanso, 12% amatenthedwa, ndipo 79% amatayidwa kapena kutayidwa.
Pulasitiki ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuti ziwonongeke ndikuwola pang'onopang'ono m'chilengedwe.Ikalowa kumalo otayirako zinyalala, zimatenga zaka 200 mpaka 400 kuti ziwonongeke, zomwe zidzachepetsa mphamvu ya malo otayirapo zinyalala;ngati watenthedwa mwachindunji, udzayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwachiŵiri kwa chilengedwe.Pamene pulasitiki itenthedwa, sikuti utsi wambiri wakuda umapangidwa, komanso ma dioxins amapangidwa.Ngakhale m'mafakitale otenthetsera zinyalala, ndikofunikira kuwongolera kutentha (pamwamba pa 850 ° C), ndikusonkhanitsa phulusa la ntchentche pambuyo poyatsa, ndikulilimbitsa kuti litayidwe.Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe mpweya wotuluka ndi malo otenthetserako ungakwaniritse muyezo wa EU 2000, Kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe.
Zinyalala zimakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri za pulasitiki, ndipo kuwotcha mwachindunji ndikosavuta kutulutsa dioxin, carcinogen yamphamvu.
Ngati atasiyidwa ku chilengedwe, kuwonjezera pa kuwononga maso kwa anthu, angayambitsenso zoopsa zambiri zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe: mwachitsanzo, 1. zimakhudza chitukuko chaulimi.Nthawi yowonongeka ya zinthu zapulasitiki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa m'dziko lathu nthawi zambiri zimatenga zaka 200.Makanema aulimi otaya zinyalala ndi matumba apulasitiki m'minda amasiyidwa m'munda kwa nthawi yayitali.Zowonongeka zapulasitiki zimasakanizidwa m'nthaka ndikuunjikana mosalekeza, zomwe zingakhudze kuyamwa kwa madzi ndi zakudya ndi mbewu ndikulepheretsa kupanga mbewu.Chitukuko, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola komanso kuwonongeka kwa nthaka.2. Chiwopsezo ku moyo wa nyama.Zinyalala za pulasitiki zotayidwa pamtunda kapena m'madzi zimamezedwa ngati chakudya ndi nyama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zife.
Anangumi amene anafa mwangozi kudya matumba apulasitiki 80 (olemera 8 kg)
Ngakhale zinyalala za pulasitiki ndizovulaza, sizo "zoyipa".Mphamvu zake zowononga nthawi zambiri zimamangiriridwa ndi kutsika kochepa kobwezeretsanso.Pulasitiki imatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zopangira mapulasitiki, zida zopangira kutentha ndi kupanga magetsi, kusandutsa zinyalala kukhala chuma.Iyi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yotayira zinyalala zamapulasitiki.
05 Kodi ukadaulo wobwezeretsanso zinyalala zamapulasitiki ndi chiyani?
Gawo loyamba: kusonkhanitsa kosiyana.
Ichi ndi sitepe yoyamba pochiza zinyalala zamapulasitiki, zomwe zimathandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito motsatira.
Mapulasitiki otayidwa panthawi yopanga ndi kukonza mapulasitiki, monga zotsalira, zinthu zakunja ndi zowonongeka, zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri, palibe kuipitsidwa ndi kukalamba, ndipo zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa ndikukonzedwa mosiyana.
Mbali ya zinyalala pulasitiki kutayidwa mu ndondomeko kufalitsidwa angathenso zobwezerezedwanso mosiyana, monga ulimi PVC filimu, Pe filimu, ndi PVC chingwe sheathing zipangizo.
Mapulasitiki ambiri otayira ndi zinyalala zosakanizika.Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yovuta ya mapulasitiki, amasakanizidwanso ndi zowononga zosiyanasiyana, zolemba ndi zida zosiyanasiyana.
Gawo lachiwiri: kuphwanya ndi kusanja.
Pulasitiki yazinyalala ikaphwanyidwa, chopondapo choyenera chiyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi chikhalidwe chake, monga chopondapo chimodzi, chachiwiri kapena pansi pa madzi molingana ndi kuuma kwake.Kuchuluka kwa kuphwanya kumasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi zosowa.Kukula kwa 50-100mm ndikuphwanya kwakukulu, kukula kwa 10-20mm ndikuphwanya bwino, ndipo kukula kwapansi pa 1mm ndikuphwanya bwino.
Pali njira zingapo zolekanitsa, monga njira ya electrostatic, maginito, sieving, njira yamphepo, njira yokoka, njira yoyandama, njira yolekanitsa mitundu, njira yolekanitsa ya X-ray, njira yolekanitsa pafupi ndi infuraredi, ndi zina zambiri.
Gawo lachitatu: kubwezeretsanso zinthu.
Ukadaulo wobwezeretsanso zinyalala wa pulasitiki umaphatikizapo izi:
1. Kubwezeretsanso kwachindunji kwa mapulasitiki osakanizidwa
Mapulasitiki osakanikirana a zinyalala makamaka ndi ma polyolefins, ndipo luso lake lobwezeretsanso laphunziridwa mozama, koma zotsatira zake sizabwino.
2. Kukonza mu pulasitiki zopangira
Kukonzanso mapulasitiki osavuta omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kukhala zida zapulasitiki ndiukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakubwezeretsanso, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga utomoni wa thermoplastic.Zopangira pulasitiki zobwezerezedwanso zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira ma CD, zomangamanga, zaulimi ndi mafakitale.Opanga osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wodziyimira pawokha pakukonza, zomwe zitha kupatsa katundu ntchito yapadera.
3. Kupanga zinthu zapulasitiki
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa pokonza zida zapulasitiki, mapulasitiki omwewo kapena osiyana amapangidwa mwachindunji kukhala zinthu.Nthawi zambiri, ndi zinthu zokhuthala, monga mbale kapena mipiringidzo.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zotentha
Mapulasitiki a zinyalala mu zinyalala zamatauni amasanjidwa ndikuwotchedwa kuti apange nthunzi kapena kupanga magetsi.Zipangizo zamakono ndizokhwima.Zida zoyaka moto zimaphatikizapo ng'anjo zozungulira, ng'anjo zosasunthika, ndi ng'anjo zoyaka moto.Kuwongolera kwa chipinda chachiwiri choyaka moto komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa gasi wa mchira kwapangitsa kuti mpweya wa mchira wa zinyalala za pulasitiki zowotcha mphamvu zobwezeretsa mphamvu zifike pamlingo wapamwamba.The zinyalala pulasitiki incineration kuchira kutentha ndi dongosolo mphamvu magetsi ayenera kupanga yaikulu kupanga kuti apeze phindu zachuma.
5. Kuwotcha
Mtengo wa calorific wa zinyalala za pulasitiki ukhoza kukhala 25.08MJ/KG, womwe ndi mafuta abwino.Ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala mafuta olimba ndi kutentha kofanana, koma klorini iyenera kuyendetsedwa pansi pa 0.4%.Njira yodziwika bwino ndikuphwanya zinyalala zamapulasitiki kukhala ufa wosalala kapena micronized ufa, ndiyeno kusakaniza kukhala slurry kuti apange mafuta.Ngati pulasitiki zinyalala mulibe klorini, mafuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu kil simenti, etc.
6. Kuwola kwa kutentha kupanga mafuta
Kafukufuku m'derali akugwira ntchito pano, ndipo mafuta omwe apezeka amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta kapena zopangira.Pali mitundu iwiri ya zida zowola ndi kutentha: zopitilira ndi zosiya.Kutentha kwa kuwonongeka ndi 400-500 ℃, 650-700 ℃, 900 ℃ (kuwola limodzi ndi malasha) ndi 1300-1500 ℃ (gawo loyaka moto).Tekinoloje monga kuwonongeka kwa hydrogenation akuphunziridwanso.
06 Kodi tingawachitire chiyani Mayi Earth?
1.Chonde muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za pulasitiki zotayidwa, monga mapepala apulasitiki, matumba apulasitiki, ndi zina zotero. Zida za pulasitiki zotayidwa sizimangokhalira kuwononga chilengedwe, komanso kuwononga zinthu.
2.Chonde, tengani nawo mbali pamagulu a zinyalala, ikani mapulasitiki a zinyalala m'mitsuko yosonkhanitsira, kapena muwapereke kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito maukonde awiri.Kodi mumadziwa?Pa toni iliyonse ya zinyalala zamapulasitiki zobwezeretsedwanso, matani 6 amafuta amatha kusungidwa ndipo matani 3 a carbon dioxide amatha kuchepetsedwa.Kuphatikiza apo, ndili ndi chikumbutso chaching'ono chomwe ndiyenera kuuza aliyense: mapulasitiki oyera, owuma, komanso opanda zinyalala akhoza kubwezeretsedwanso, koma ena oipitsidwa ndi kusakaniza ndi zinyalala zina sangabwezeretsedwe!Mwachitsanzo, matumba apulasitiki oipitsidwa (kanema), mabokosi a chakudya chofulumira kutayidwa, ndi matumba a pulasitiki oipitsidwa ayenera kuikidwa mu zinyalala zouma.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-09-2020